The Indian subcontinent owing to its diverse eco climatic regions and biomes has resulted in booming of its wildlife diversity which inhabits across the length and breath of the nation from the snow-capped Himalayas to the wet evergreen forests of North eastern India as well as to the scrub forests of Gir and the adjoining areas. However civilization and nature treads a thin line of coexistence which in the recent years have dwindled to a mere shadow of the past as a result of rapid urbanization, industrialization and thus change in cultural norms in which the forests and nature were revered thus alluding a form of protection to them. However as the pace of modernization takes hold newer initiatives are required to restore the fragile balance which sometimes may not need to be punitive or in some cases may even be unconventional or outright out of the box. This is where the role of ecologists, conservations and wildlife officials come into play where they take on the mantle of a teacher, observer and scientist to let communities establish a harmonious relationship with nature for which Women led initiatives require a huge applause ranging from IFS officer Dr. Sonali Ghosh to eminent zoologist and conservationist Dr. Purnima Devi Barman.
Keywords: Women, conservation, wildlife, community, rehabilitation

Migrant communities constitute privileged spaces for observing the processes of reproduction, adaptation, and transformation of cultural norms. In the case of the Hindu population residing in Portugal, principles associated with dharma, tradition, hierarchy, family, and gender differences continue to structure—albeit in varying ways—expectations regarding women's behaviour. These norms are embedded in power relations that span both the public and private spheres and which, in a migratory context, can take on particular significance as mechanisms for preserving identity and group cohesion.
This article analyses precisely those women who, due to various circumstances, depart from socially prescribed models and come to occupy marginal positions. Such transgression can take on varying degrees of intensity and trigger social control mechanisms ranging from criticism and gossip to exclusion and ostracism. However, the margin does not merely represent a loss of status or belonging; it can also constitute a space for resistance, agency, and the construction of alternative forms of women's power.
Keywords: Women, Hinduism, Exclusion, Social margin

This article presents the development of a glamping complex in Xul-Há, Quintana Roo, designed to meet the needs and expectations of tourists while providing thermally comfortable indoor conditions without relying on mechanical air-conditioning systems. Given the region’s high ambient temperatures, a set of passive bioclimatic strategies was implemented, including appropriate façade orientation and a comprehensive climate analysis focused on local wind patterns and climatic conditions.
A fundamental aspect of the project was the careful selection of construction materials, considering both their thermal properties and environmental impact. The proposed materials were rigorously evaluated using Design Builder®, which enabled the simulation and analysis of the thermal performance of the glamping units under different climatic conditions and design scenarios.
Throughout the research and design process, the approach to the conception and development of the glamping units evolved significantly in response to the results and lessons obtained from the simulations conducted with Design Builder®. The hottest month (June) and coldest month (January) of the region were evaluated. In June, the implementation of passive design strategies resulted in a reduction of up to 8 °C in indoor temperature compared with the initial design conditions. In January, the resulting indoor conditions remained within the established thermal comfort range of 22.5–27.5 °C. These findings demonstrate the potential of passive bioclimatic strategies to improve thermal comfort in glamping facilities while reducing or eliminating the need for conventional air-conditioning systems.
Keywords: bioclimatic reconditioning, thermal comfort, solar control devices, heliodon, Ener Habitat, Design Builder.

Stigma towards juvenile delinquents is a social issue with the potential to influence processes of rehabilitation and reintegration after an adolescent has been identified or labelled through involvement in delinquent behaviour. Although previous studies in Malaysia have extensively discussed factors contributing to delinquency, the education of juvenile offenders, and rehabilitation processes, limited attention has been given to how post-labelling stigma affects educational and social reintegration. This conceptual paper analyses the forms and mechanisms of stigma, explains how stigma operates across individual, family, school, community, and institutional levels, and examines its implications for educational and social reintegration. Drawing on a narrative literature review and thematic synthesis, the paper integrates stigma and labelling perspectives, the social ecological approach, and the restorative justice paradigm. The synthesis indicates that stigma may operate through labelling, stereotyping, social separation, status loss, and discrimination, potentially creating barriers to school re-entry, social acceptance, psychosocial well-being, and access to social opportunities. Direct evidence in the Malaysian context, however, remains limited. The principal contribution of this paper is an integrative framework that conceptualises post-labelling stigma as a social mechanism that may influence educational and social reintegration and provides a basis for empirical research and intervention development in Malaysia.
Keywords: stigma, juvenile delinquents, labelling, educational reintegration, social reintegration, restorative justice

This article examines the current state of, and proposes improvements to, legal policies on financial and economic support designed to encourage enterprises in Vietnam to recycle plastic waste in an environmentally sound manner. It focuses on three principal groups of instruments: tax and fee incentives; financial support and green credit; and green tendering and public procurement of recycled products. The analysis finds that Vietnam has begun to establish a legal framework to encourage investment, facilitate access to finance, and develop markets for recycled products. However, the relevant policies remain fragmented and are primarily based on the field of investment rather than environmental outcomes. Criteria for identifying green recycling projects and products are not yet consistent; links with extended producer responsibility (EPR) remain limited; mechanisms for risk sharing, verification, monitoring, and effectiveness assessment are incomplete; and green public procurement has yet to generate stable market demand. Accordingly, the article proposes shifting to support based on environmental outcomes; establishing consistent legal criteria and a unified database; developing dedicated green credit and risk-sharing mechanisms; strengthening coordination with EPR; incorporating environmental criteria and life-cycle costs into public procurement; and improving mechanisms for policy verification, monitoring, and evaluation. These measures seek to establish a coherent policy mix that helps reduce investment costs, expand financing flows, create markets, and advance the circular economy.
Keywords: legal policies; financial and economic support; plastic waste recycling; green credit; green public procurement; extended producer responsibility; circular economy.

Climate change threatens the food security of smallholder farmers in semi-arid sub-Saharan Africa, yet it remains unclear whether the adaptation strategies farmers adopt translate into better food security. In Nyeri County, changing rainfall patterns have decreased amounts every 3-4 years, with drought now common in semi-arid Kieni West, resulting in crop failures and reduced milk production. Despite government efforts through the Climate Change Adaptation Strategy 2009-2030 and various farmer adaptation practices, 70% of Nyeri house-holds still lack sufficient food. Through a survey method, where 270 households were interviewed, this article thus examines the adaptation strategies used by small-scale farmers in Kieni West Sub-County, Nyeri County, Kenya to fend off household food insecurity. Findings indicated that most farmers (92.96%) were aware of cli-mate change, and 76.3% had adopted six to eight of the eight strategies identified. Improved crop varieties (70.74%), soil conservation (68.52%) and water management (66.67%) were the most widely adopted strategies. Adoption rose with age, farming experience and education but did not differ by gender. The Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) noted that only 1.8% of households were food secure while 67.4% were found to be severely food insecure. The z-tests showed a marginally significant relationship between strategy adoption levels and food insecurity patterns, with households adopting 6-8 strategies experiencing more mild food inse-curity compared to those adopting 4-5 strategies. However, the overall relationship between strategy adoption and food security improvement was found to be weak, indicating that strategy implementation alone is insuffi-cient for achieving food security. Agricultural extension should therefore prioritize the quality of implementa-tion combined with market access and livelihood support.
Keywords: Climate change, Adaptation strategies, Food security, Small-scale farmers, Kenya

This article studies the development of digital competencies in teaching for students in the Faculty of Education at Tay Nguyen University. The research was conducted using survey and interview methods with 40 management staff, lecturers, and 570 students from two majors: Primary Education and Vietnamese Language Teacher Education. The findings show the following: Current status of digital competence: In general, the digital competencies of student teachers are only at a basic to intermediate level. Students mainly demonstrate proficiency in basic information technology skills (e.g., word processing, presentation skills, and social media use), but they lack pedagogical methods for effectively applying digital technology to real teaching practice. Development needs: There is strong agreement between lecturers and students on the necessity of developing digital competencies to meet the requirements of the 4.0 era, improve teaching quality, and align with the 2018 General Education Program. Implementation level and difficulties: The implementation of digital competency development has not reached the highest level and is not consistent. It mainly stops at guiding the use of digital devices or communication activities. The causes include: no specific output standards for digital competencies for students, the training program has not allocated appropriate time, and there is a lack of clear responsibility assignment among departments. Overall, the development of digital competencies in teaching for students at the school is assessed as achieved, but additional measures are needed to more effectively and synchronously promote development.
Keywords: Digital competence, digital technology, teaching, student teachers, Tay Nguyen University.

Preschool art education in multiethnic contexts raises questions about how cultural experiences enter curricula and whether children‘s expressions are understood and acknowledged. This article examines possible relationships between cultural relevance and self-confidence and considers implications for kindergartens in Jilin Province, China. Theoretical analysis and a question-oriented narrative review integrate culturally relevant pedagogy, funds of knowledge and identity, sociocultural theory, self-efficacy, and self-determination theory. Targeted retrieval from public scholarly platforms, publishers, research institutions, and government websites supported bibliographic verification. Research supports treating family and language experiences as learning resources and identifies opportunities for multimodal expression through the arts. It does not establish an independent, sustained causal effect on Jilin preschoolers‘ self-confidence. An interpretive framework connects recognition of experience, expression and choice, supported challenge and response, and situated confidence. Children‘s interpretive authority, teacher feedback, peer relationships, and accessible materials condition these processes. Ethnic labeling, staged cultural displays, and uniform aesthetic judgments may undermine them. Kindergartens can begin with children‘s lived experiences, organize open-ended creation, accommodate diverse languages and expressive forms, and develop voluntary family partnerships and formative assessment. Cultural relevance should inform everyday participation rather than festival decoration. The proposed relationships and recommendations require local investigation.
Keywords: preschool art education; cultural relevance; multiethnic contexts; children‘s self-confidence; funds of identity; Jilin Province

This study analyzes the role of managerial awareness in AI application in Vietnamese businesses based on an extended TAM model (Davis, 1989) with expanded risk perception and investment priority levels. Through the analysis, the results show that the AI application gap between large enterprises and SMEs stems from differences in decision-making awareness across four aspects: usefulness, ease of use, risk perception, and investment priority levels. The study proposes five sets of recommendations with specific roadmaps and costs to improve awareness and capacity for AI application.
Keywords: managerial awareness; AI application; TAM model; Vietnamese businesses.

Mainstreaming involves integrating learners with disabilities into general education classrooms, but it often overlooks the diverse needs of children, including reading difficulties. The study objectives were to: determine the influence of school administrations' Characteristics effective mainstreaming of learners with RDs and establish the influence of school administrators’ strategies on the mainstreaming learners with RDs. Systems Theory, developed by Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1968) was used to guide this study, focusing on development of reading difficulties and the need for more effective teaching methods for these learners. The study was conducted in Koibatek Sub- County, Baringo County. The Sub County has a total of 56 public Primary schools of which 11 schools are practicing mainstreaming and were used in the study. Selection of study sample was done through purposive sampling. A total of 166 respondents selected from various categories were used for the study. Research instruments were piloted to ensure reliability and validity was maintained using Croanch bar Alpha. A descriptive survey design was used where both quantitative and qualitative data was collected using semi- structured interviews, questionnaires and observation checklist. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically as per the objectives while quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as percentages and presented through tables, charts and summary paragraphs. Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0 was utilized to prepare and organize data for analysis. The first objective found that 33% of administrators had over 20 years of teaching experience, 30% had 5–10 years, 21% had 11–20 years, and 15% had below 5 years. Regarding academic qualifications, 52% held certificates, 27% diplomas, and 21% degrees, indicating varied levels of professional training. Only 30% of administrators had SNE training, while 70% had none, suggesting limited specialized preparation for mainstreaming learners with reading difficulties. The second objective found limited parental involvement, with 58.8% reporting involvement, while 60.3% lacked knowledge of reading instruction and 70.6% did not help with sounding words. The third objective revealed inadequate resources, including computers and resource rooms (93.9% each), counsellors (90.9%), libraries and templates (84.8% each), and phonic books (78.8%). Learners also reported inadequate resource rooms (96.5%), computers (93.0%), and counselling services (91.2%). The fourth objective identified major barriers, including few trained teachers (100%), inadequate funding (90.6%), poor teacher preparedness (62.5%), and inadequate parental investment (71.9%). Overall, 93.8% reported that low marks among learners with RDs affected school mean scores. The study concluded that school administrators, Parents and BOM members need to take an active role in ensuring that they are aware of the learners’ special needs so that they can assist the teachers in taking care of their learners’ needs. Teachers and parents should share on various approaches to enhance the learning process in mainstreaming, and focus more on acquisition of resources to support mainstreaming. Based on the study findings, it is recommended that school administrators should consider tailored instructional strategies, early detection and intervention, provision of resources, professional development for teachers and effective collaborations amongst stakeholders for effective mainstreaming of learners with RDs in Koibatek Sub-County.
Keywords: School Administration, Mainstreaming of Learners and Reading Difficulties

Every child has a right to education. A child enrolled in a school is expected to complete studies and achieve their full potential. However, thousands of primary-aged children in Narok West Sub County remain out of school. The school feeding program, aimed at mitigating hunger and poverty, has not fully addressed the issue. The study therefore investigated school feeding program on learner persistence in education in public primary schools in Narok West sub-county, Kenya. The study assessed the influence of the availability of food varieties. The study was guided by human needs theory of Abraham Maslow g. The study used a descriptive survey design. The target population was 720 teachers distributed in 75 schools in four zones. The sample size was 216 (30.0%) teachers and 23 (30.0%) schools. Proportionate simple random sampling was used to select the schools and the teachers to participate in the study per zone. Piloting the research instruments was done in Four schools in Narok South. Data was collected using questionnaires for teachers and interview guide for the head teachers. To achieve validity, the study conducted a comprehensive literature review to align research instruments with established theories, pilot-tested the instruments to identify and revise ambiguous items, and used established scales validated in previous research. The reliability of the questionnaires was assessed using Cronbach Alpha coefficient resulting in a reliability coefficient of 0.809 for the entire scale, indicating acceptable reliability. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics that included frequencies, percentage, mean and standard deviation aided by statistical package of social sciences (SPSS). Pearson correlation coefficient, Linear regression and ANOVA was used to test the relationship between variables. Data was presented in the form of tables and graphs. The study found that the availability of food varieties (M=3.68) had a positive and statistically significant relationship with learner persistence (M=4.22), F (1,202) =7.871, p=.006, with a regression coefficient of B=0.201. This implies that greater food variety enhances learner persistence in school. The study recommends that the Ministry of Education and WFP should ensure schools receive sufficient, nutritious, and diverse meals provided consistently to promote learner persistence in education.
Keywords: School Feeding Programme, Learner Persistence and Food varieties.

How did a national federation acquire authority over a field of women’s sport that clubs had begun to organise independently? Focusing on Greece from 1922 to 1936, this study places SEGAS within the wider contest among the IOC, IAAF, and FSFI over women’s athletics. Official Olympic reports published administrative evidence, Greek sport historiography, and source-critical press reconstructions are used to compare the timing of club activity, federation policy, and Olympic selection. Panionios’s volleyball tournament of 1926 serves as a concise example of organised competition before state-level sporting regulation. Greek developments cannot be explained as a delayed copy of Amsterdam 1928: domestic initiative and international legitimacy moved on separate but intersecting timetables. SEGAS’s circular of 16 March 1928 converted an existing practice into a supervised field, yet facilities, preparation, and international representation remained limited. The interval between recognition and Domnitsa Lanitou’s Berlin appearance in 1936 reveals four distinct institutional processes—admission, jurisdiction, implementation, and representation. Their uneven sequence defines regulated recognition and provides a comparative framework for studying how governing bodies incorporated women’s sport while retaining control over its organization.
Keywords: women’s sport, Olympic governance, Greece, SEGAS, FSFI, institutionalization.

Remittances sent home by the Indian diaspora have become one of the largest and most stable items in India’s current account, yet their rupee value depends directly on the exchange rate. This paper examines the volatility of India’s exchange rate using quarterly data from 1996 to 2026 and a GARCH (1,1) model, and then discusses what the estimated volatility dynamics mean for remittance inflows. Descriptive statistics, Augmented Dickey-Fuller tests and ARCH-LM tests are applied before the model is estimated. The exchange-rate return series is stationary and shows significant ARCH effects (F = 15.73, p = 0.0001). In the GARCH (1,1) model both the ARCH term (0.35) and the GARCH term (0.54) are statistically significant, and their sum of 0.89 points to highly persistent volatility; no ARCH effect remains in the residuals (p = 0.73). Remittances are recorded within the current account, which enters the dataset through the current account deficit, but the remittance series itself is not modelled. The results are therefore used to discuss, rather than to estimate, the valuation, uncertainty and stabilisation channels through which volatility and remittances interact.
Keywords: exchange rate volatility, GARCH, remittances, India, current account.

The majority of archaeological sites henceforth located in Cameroon is the evidence of the ancient aspect of human occupation. If the technological aspect is always at the heart of analysis, the social aspect is addressed with some precaution. This is the main objective of this article that intends to propose the lifestyle of the ancient population of the Bamboutos region from the iron material remains discovered at the site of Mbetsop. The important number of wind pipe, associated to the surface of the site, made us to understand that we were dealing with a whole area including the space of collection of raw material which was ore, its treatment and transformation into tools. Some behaviours were at the base of the iron production as well as the society within which the producers lived. Such behaviours involved the giving and call of names in connection with iron production, the use of a particular language, a free-union marriage and a religion with practices oriented toward iron production. To understand that lifestyle, we resorted to the collection and analysis of archaeological data, including the use of interpretative theories such as the processual theory, the archaeology of context or post-processual theory, cultural ecology and transdisciplinarity. The results of that research is henceforth a heritage that must be transmitted to the current Africans for inspiration to cope with the multiple challenges of their daily life.
Keywords: Archaeology, heritage, well-being, iron metallurgical group, Mbetsop.

This paper examines Vishal Bhardwaj’s Haider (2014) as a culturally situated adaptation of William Shakespeare’s Hamlet. Rather than evaluating the film only through fidelity to its source, the study compares how both works organise grief, family conflict, political authority, uncertain knowledge, performance, and revenge. Using qualitative comparative textual and film analysis, it considers the relocation of the Danish court to Kashmir, the transformation of the Ghost into a witness to disappearance, the reconfiguration of Gertrude and Ophelia through Ghazala and Arshia, and the cinematic use of landscape, music, editing, and public performance. Particular attention is given to the ―Bismil‖ sequence, which adapts the play-within-the-play into an act of accusation, and to the ending, where the possibility of refusing revenge complicates the tragic pattern. Scholarship available through JSTOR, especially Brian Walsh’s reading of nonviolent struggle and Taarini Mookherjee’s study of Indian Shakespeare adaptations, helps situate the film within debates about political allegory and cultural relocation. The paper argues that Haider preserves recognisable dramatic relations while changing their social and ethical implications. Its differences from Hamlet are therefore not merely departures from an original but the means through which the adaptation creates a distinct interpretation for a new historical and cinematic context.
Keywords: William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Haider, adaptation, Kashmir, Indian cinema, political allegory

This study described COVID-19-related experiences and emotional responses among Chinese primary school children and examined whether academic change and online learning experiences were associated with emotional responses after accounting for selected family and demographic characteristics. A cross-sectional study included 212 children aged 10–12 years in Grades 5 and 6 in China. Data were collected using a researcher-developed 15-item COVID-19 Experience Checklist (CEC). Eight items assessed pandemic-related experiences and contextual characteristics, while seven assessed emotional responses using a three-point Likert-type format and were summed into a composite score. Descriptive analyses, group comparisons and a multivariable general linear model were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics version 20. Most children (73.1%) reported at least one period of online learning, and 22.2% perceived worsened academic performance. The mean emotional-response score was 4.69 (SD = 3.04). The multivariable model was significant, F(13, 198) = 2.46, p = .004, explaining 13.9% of the variance. Academic performance change, technological difficulties and online learning frequency showed significant overall associations with emotional responses, whereas only-child status, living arrangement, gender and grade did not. Children reporting worsened academic performance had significantly higher adjusted scores than those reporting improvement. These findings highlight academic deterioration and disrupted learning experiences as relevant considerations for school and public mental health support.
Keywords: Academic performance; Primary school children; COVID-19; Emotional responses; Online learning; Public mental health